Asphalt pavements provide a smooth and durable all-weather traveling surface that benefits a range of vehicles and users. Given their key role and widespread use, there is a unique opportunity to improve the sustainability of pavement structures with the potential to deliver tremendous environmental, social, and economic benefits. Asphalt-based materials have evolved significantly in recent years, with increased amounts of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) being used to replace virgin binder. Moreover, increased levels of polymerization and the addition of rubber are being used to develop binders that are better suited to modern paving and preservation needs, to create specialized mixtures to provide improved structural support, and to enhance safety and reduce noise. Multiple approaches for improving sustainability with regards to asphalt materials are presented, including reducing virgin binder and virgin aggregate content in hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and warm-mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures, reducing energy consumed and emissions generated in mixture production, use of alternative binders (bio-oils, waste plastics modifier etc.). New technologies should be brought together towards asphalt pavement materials that achieve environmental and economic benefits.